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Another occasional appendage to Buddhist sūtras, occurring for some reason with special frequency in copies of the Chin kuang ming tsui shêng wang ching (N. 126), is what I have ventured to call a phonetic glossary. This consists of just a few words selected from the preceding text, with their fan-ch’ieh (initial plus final) pronunciation.
Source: wiktionary
However, the most important system of Chinese spelling is the syllabic method fan ch’ieh, which gives the sound of a character by writing two other characters, the first to represent the initial and the palatalization, the second to represent the final—including the vowel—, the labialization and the tone.
Source: wiktionary
⁴(戇), of diverse fan-ch'ieh, is given the Wu form gaq, which is still being spoken.
Source: wiktionary
The influence of the Sanskrit alphabet is traced in the practice of fan-ch’ieh (wherein two characters are used to indicate the pronunciation of the third character) and tzu-mu (wherein thirty phonetic radicals are divided as in Sanskrit into five categories as labials, linguals, gutturals, dentals and glottals.
Source: wiktionary
Data sourced from Wiktionary, WordNet, CMU, and other open linguistic databases. Updated March 2026.