Proto-racist

"This assumption had its origins in the ideas of nineteenth-century critics of utilitiarianism. These critics — they might be romantics, historicists, nationalists, or proto-racists — held that utilitarianism took individuals and their interests as the building blocks of social and political theory, was oblivious to the historical determinants of "human nature" and hence left no room for a strong conception of nationhood and nationality, let alone a bilogically grounded deterministic conception of race."

"If they had asked, they might have found that the last thing which many minority ethnic people wanted was anti-fascist and anti-racist marches which alerted proto-racists and fascists to the fact that they had a vulnerable minority ethnic population in their midst."

"Racist doctrines were not fully utilized to justify slavery in the Americas until the nineteenth century (though proto-racist ideas were so employed in the previous two centuries), in part because slavery was not thought to require a moral justification, and in part because the concept of "race" had not been fully developed."