Chi-lin

Manchuria is crossed by the Chinese Eastern Railway (the Russian Trans-Siberian Railway), which enters the Hei-lung-chiang Province from the north-west and divides at Harbin (哈爾賓^([sic – meaning 哈爾濱])) in the Chi-lin Province, one branch going to Vladivostock (海参威) and the other to Dalny and Port Arthur.

Conflicts among the cadres themselves were numerous, suggesting contentions among different units of between higher and lower units. For instance, a letter from three cadres of a Chi-lin machine factory said that they had to receive and entertain all kinds of inspection groups during the years, leaving them little time to perform routine duties.

The capital of Parhae, called Sanggyŏng or "High Capital" was located at modern Tung-ching-ch'eng in Hei-lung-chiang province, Manchuria, and there were four secondary capitals- the "Central Capital" at modern Tun-hua in Chi-lin province, Manchuria, "Eastern Capital" at Hun-ch'un in Chi-lin, "Southern Capital" at Hamhŭng in South Hamgyŏng province, Korea, and "Western Capital" at Lin-chiang in Chi-lin [see map p. 70].

To make up for the absence of a natural barrier the Ming had built a defence line which ran from west of the mouth of the Yalu at K'ai-p'ing, 300 kilometres north of Peking, and another from Shan-hai-kuan to Chi-lin (Kirin).