J-turn

The institute reported that its tests showed the CJ-5 would overturn when performing a J-turn at just 22 mph.

This maneuver results in spinning the vehicle into a perfect 180-degree J-turn. Without losing any momentum, the driver then guns the engine and speeds off in the opposite direction.

Comparisons between referenced car and optimised car are shown in Figs. 7.13-7.15, referring to a J-turn manoeuvre, a steady-state turning manoeuvre and a power on-off while steering manoeuvre.