Anatomist

But we can no longer regard the mere fact of these diffuse condensations of the lung becoming yellow and caseous as an evidence of their tuberculous nature, especially since the pathological anatomists, and among them Virchow, have shown that formations of the most different kind, having not the slightest connection with tubercule— as, for example, old cancerous masses, lymphatic glands swollen by a hyperplasia of cells, hæmorrhagical infarctions, abscesses, &c.— undergo exactly the same caseous transformation.

A plant anatomist receiving such samples can remove pickled wood and bark for anatomical study, then dry the remaining portions for inclusion in a xylarium.

Gall's science of “bump reading” would ultimately be abandoned as much for its fixation on social categories as for an inability within the scientific community to replicate its findings. These scientific failings would be exposed by anatomists like Paul Broca (1861) and Carl Wernicke (1874) who pioneered the alternative neuroscientific method of lesion–symptom mapping.