Boni

The existence of boni and mali for the different risks can be interpreted through the sign of estimated covariances.

The optimal bonus-malus systems described in this paper compute coefficients which are equal to one on average whatever are the rating factors. This fairness property is not fulfilled by bonus-malus systems such as the French one. If the boni and mali do not depend on the frequency of claims, the average bonus-malus coefficient increases with the frequency.

All right, everyone. It’s time for your Christmas boni. Everyone gets a five-dollar cafeteria voucher.

The Manager will see how much bonus each investor has offered. At the end of the round, the Manager receives the greater of the two boni.

Akramkhanov et al. (2010) also suggested a system of boni and mali on taxes to support the implementation of measures to achieve both water saving and salinity control (Table 3.3.1).

Adding the FT’s analysis of the Greek slave economy one cannot but conclude that Greece was made to suffer to save bankers’ boni, while duping real payers (taxpayers in ‘rescuing’ countries), claiming everything would be repaid.