Indo-arabic

Among the numerous Arabic works of the later period of Indo-Arabic literature one should mention the Manāqib al-Ḥaydariyya by the Arab writter Aḥmad al-Shirwānī at the court of Lucknow;

The Indo-Arabic system was introduced into Europe in 1000 CE, but due to resistance from several quarters, centuries elapsed before it finally enjoyed widespread use.

The large part of the Indo-Arabic population considers itself and is considered by others as part of the Betawi.