Paleoimmunology

Advances in paleoimmunology [ 48 – 50 ] and paleomicrobiology through soft/hard tissue analysis and secretion swabs led to the retrospective diagnosis of several pathogens (e.g., salmonellosis, tuberculosis, malaria, human leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease) in mummies [ 51 – 67 ] and revealed some of their evolutionary patterns [ 68 ].