Self-administered

The test is multiple choice and self-administered.

The trial, reported in the journal The Lancet, took place in June 2015. None of the participants had received a flu vaccine during the previous influenza season. The participants were divided into four groups. In one group the patch was administered by a health care provider, in the second it was self-administered by each participant, a third group received the vaccine via injection and a fourth group got a placebo.

Redding’s study asked four psychologists with expertise in anxiety and depressive disorders to rate each self-help book on five criteria: […] and the general usefulness of the book as a self-administered method for changing behavior or psychological change.