Sulṭān

According to the custom of Tīmūriya sulṭāns on such occasions, I had seated myself on a raised seat (tūshāk); […]

The Turkish sulṭān was mentioned in the khuṭba it is true, but dependence was not expressed in any form indicating submissions. To avert all eventualities, England on April 30, 1888 concluded treaties of protection with the sulṭāns of Bāl Ḥāf and Bīr ʿAlī in which the latter in return for an annual payment bound themselves to enter into no relations with foreign powers without English approval.

Later Saljūq sulṭāns were on occasion obliged to resort to desperate expedients in an attempt to control over-mighty muqṭaʿs.

Ṭughril Khān was a shrewd politician as he tried to pacify the Delhi sulṭāns by regularly sending gifts to them, although in practice he often behaved as if he was an independent ruler.

In return for their patronage, the various Seljuk sulṭāns and local commanders sought legitimacy for their rule through charismatic Sufi leaders, some of whom claimed to hold both temporal and spiritual power.

These buildings are from the time of different sulṭāns and are buildings of extreme grandeur and glory.