Transcuticular

The adult stage of the filarial nematodes Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis take up glucose, amino acids and adenosine via a transcuticular route (Chen and Howells, 1981; Howells and Chen, 1981).

In this study, a transcuticular nanoemulsion formulation was developed to enhance the permeation of an effective antimicrobial compound (ampicillin; Amp) against HLB disease through the citrus cuticle into the phloem via a foliar spray.