Typically, an insult is applied to the brain either via direct stimulation (e.g. kindling [1 ]), focal application of a toxin (e.g. tetanus [2 ]) or systemic administration of a proconvulsant agent (e.g. kainic acid [3 ], pilocarpine [4 ], or pentylenetetrazole [5 ].
Source: wiktionary