Proto-photon

Since the proto-photon has no charge, it does not seem likely that we could detect such "orbital" motion for the electron-photon system.

Notice that here we slightly deviate from traditional VMD-2 because we include a direct coupling between the pions and the proto-photon.

It is shown how the assumption that a singlet gauge boson (a proto-photon) and the neutral member of a triplet W=t° are mixed leads to the identification of the couplings of the quarks and leptons to the neutral intermediate boson Z°.