What does "confounding" mean?

The act by which things are confounded, or confused.

What is a synonym for "confounding"?

Common synonyms include: amazing, ambiguity, answer, appalling, astonishing, astounding.

adj, noun, verb

adj, noun, verb ·3 syllables ·Moderate ·High school level

Noun

1
The act by which things are confounded, or confused.
2
The process by which an apparent association between an exposure and an outcome is actually explained by another factor.
"Confounding is defined as the confusion or distortion of measures of association between exposure and outcome as a result of third (or more) variable(s)."

Verb

1
present participle and gerund of confound form-of, gerund, participle, present

Adjective

1
Confusing, bewildering, baffling or perplexing.
"We have to with a Heart ſearching God, who will find out every unworthy Communicant to his utter Shame and Confuſion ; when God examins ſuch, his Queſtions will be Nonpluſſing and Confounding,[…]"

Adjective

"Try to disassociate all the confounding variables."

By surface analysis, confound + -ing.