Cryptogam

1956, George A. Llano, Botanical Research Essential to a Knowledge of Antarctica, A. P. Crary, L. M. Gould, E. O. Hulburt, Hugh Obishaw, Waldo E. Smith (editors), Antarctica in the International Geophysical Year, Geophysical Monograph Number 1, American Geophysical Union, page 124, In the absence of phanerogams, the cryptogams — principally the algae, mosses, and lichens — are the dominant forms of plant life.

Not only were bromeliads and orchids covering the exposed bark of the trees, the dominant diminutive cover (known as epiphylls) was composed of cryptogams, small plants that lack true flowers and reproduce with spores.

The first vascular plants to develop were vascular cryptogams reproduced using spores and, today, such plants can still be found as the herb families of club mosses, ferns, horsetails and in fern trees.