Fermion

The fermions treated by the Standard Model are the (composite) baryons and the (elementary) leptons and quarks.

According to the spin–statistics theorem, the wavefunction of a system of identical fermions (particles of half-integer spin) is antisymmetric under the operation of swapping any two particles.

A remarkable feature of lattice regularization is the appearance of several fermion species per fermion field in the lattice action.

For 2D systems, going beyond first order pertu[r]bative calculations, we show that the second harmonic of the current is strongly suppressed in the case of spinless fermion models but significantly enhanced for the Hubbard model.

It is not known whether the Higgs mechanism is the true source for the masses of the fundamental fermions.

The snapshots were taken by MIT physicists and are the first images that directly capture the pairing of fermions — a major class of particles that includes electrons, as well as protons, neutrons, and certain types of atoms.