Ibid.

As Lockie and Kitto (2000: 5) note, this important dimension is recognized by the SOP approach but they argue that it is “poorly developed in both theorisation and operationalisation.” Furthermore, production activities are privileged in SOP analysis as “determinants of consumption practices” and the “role of agency is marginalised” by giving primacy to structural tendencies in the shaping of SOPs (ibid.: 5).

Repatriation is viewed as a must for Rastafari, and the earliest Rastafari did not have the resources to make this return possible or, as anthropologist Charles Price details, “sold all they possessed in order to leave for Africa” (2009, 218). Price has spoken of the shift in class among Rastafari; though many Rastafari are still economically deprived, there do exist “monied Rastafari” (ibid.).