Samvydav

Many of these appeals appeared in Ukrains’kyi visnyk, a samvydav Ukrainian publication, and a surprising amount eventually were smuggled out of Ukraine to the West.

Although some members of the group changed their writing in response to warnings from the party, others continued to publish in the so-called samvydav, or publishing underground, in which self-published works were illegally produced and distributed.

One result was the politicization of samvydav (self-publishing, samizdat in Russian), unofficial literature copied on typewriters or by hand and distributed secretly. At first mostly forbidden literary works, by the mid-1960s Ukrainian samvydav developed into bold political journalism.