Toroid

Toroid and lumen diameter were easily controlled by micromold design, and toroid thickness was controlled by seeding density. When harvested, toroids' were stable, but underwent predictable changes over time with their lumens narrowing.

However, because of the lack of guiding principles for the construction of toroids, researchers have not widely studied the self-assembly of toroidal nanostructures as compared with the work on other supramolecular architectures.