Caliphate

The Mongols invaded Baghdad in 1258 and destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate.

Between 622 and 750, the Islamic Caliphate conquered the entire Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia, and North Africa, reaching the Indus river to the east, the Iberian Peninsula to the west, and the Black, Caspian, and Aral seas to the north.

The European Union is a new caliphate?

The Islamists want to turn Algeria into a caliphate.

Between the years 796 and 809 — during a period generally seen as the “golden age” of Islam — the then ruler of the Abbasid caliphate, Harun al-Rashid, moved his capital from Baghdad to Raqqa.